The first excerpt uses simple language that makes it easy for readers to understand. Orfield appeals to ethos by mentioning statistics that make him and his claim credible. Also, Orfield shows that he understands the complexity of the issue by stating that, "The South is still much more integrated than it was before, but the progress is moving backward at an accelerating rate" not denying the fact that there have been improvements. I believe the implied audience may be members of the school board committee to show that segregation in schools still exist. Since there is a lack of pathos, I am not certain that the connection with the audience was effective.
The second excerpt writes in a way that gets to the reader's emotions. Sowell talks about how defenders of affirmative action are not honest and the overall dishonesty when it comes to racial quotas and preferences. Sowell uses studies to show that many more people believe preferences having a negative impact is much higher than those who believe in the positive effects. Sowell also uses an illustration to appeal to pathos by talking about a fight in Berkeley about choosing a private or public ballot. I believe the intended audience is congressmen that do not notice the strict racial quotas that are put into place in higher education. With using both ethos and pathos, I believe Sowell was able to connect with this audience.
The third excerpt uses descriptive language when opening up allowing readers to understand the author's tone of which shows anger and disappointment. This appeals to pathos as the author is showing exaggeration. Meyers uses descriptive words especially when saying, "with every sin of class selection written as with a burning chisel on stone- on that day a great cry will go up throughout the land, and and there will be weeping, wailing, gnashing of teeth". This shows the author's negative tone towards elective courses. Meyers uses sources in her argument, but lacks to show or makes it difficult to understand how it supports her claim. I believe the audience is to whoever is in charge of creating the educational curriculum since Meyers argues the fact that electives should be meaningful and useful and require some type of intelligence being used. Since it is difficult to see the appeal of ethos, I do not believe Meyers' connected with the audience well, especially with the over exaggeration of a senior crying since it is difficult to relate to that.
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